Antibody deficiencies with normal IgG in adults with Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or recurrent pneumonia: Cross-sectional study / Deficiencias Predominantemente de Anticuerpos con niveles normales de IgG en adultos con bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística o neumonía recurrente en Colombia

Abstract Background: Inborn errors of immunity, mainly Predominantly Antibody deficiencies with normal IgG levels are unrecognized in adults with lung diseases such as bronchiectasis or recurrent pneumonia. Objective: To determine IgM, IgA, IgG2 subclass deficiencies, and Specific antibody deficiency (anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies) in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or recurrent pneumonia. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or recurrent pneumonia were recruited in Cali, Colombia. IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, IgG2subclass and IgG anti-pneumococcal serum levels were measured. Results: Among the 110 participants enrolled, Antibody deficiencies with normal serum IgG levels were found in 11(10%) cases. IgA deficiency (3 cases), IgM deficiency (2 cases) and IgG2 deficiency (2 cases) were the most frequent primary immunodeficiencies. In addition, IgG2+IgA deficiency, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Hyper-IgE syndrome and Specific Antibody Deficiency(anti-polysaccharides) were found in one case each. Conclusions: Predominantly antibody deficiencies with normal IgG levels are an important etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and recurrent pneumonia in adults.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los Errores Innatos de la Inmunidad principalmente las Deficiencias Predominantemente de anticuerpos con niveles normales de IgG no se conocen en adultos con enfermedades pulmonares como las bronquiectasias o la neumonía recurrente. Objetivo: Determinar las deficiencias de IgM, IgA y de subclase de IgG2 y la Deficiencia Específica de Anticuerpos (anticuerpos antineumocócicos de polisacáridos) en adultos con Bronquiectasias no Fibrosis Quística (BQnoFQ) o neumonía recurrente. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo. Se reclutaron 110 pacientes consecutivos con BQnoFQ o neumonía recurrente en Cali, Colombia. Se midieron los niveles séricos de IgG, IgA, IgM e IgE, subclase IgG2 y anticuerpos anti-neumococo. Resultados: Se encontraron deficiencias de anticuerpos con niveles normales de IgG en el 10% de los sujetos; Cuatro casos con IgG2 baja, incluido 1 caso de deficiencia de IgG2 + IgA, 1 caso de ataxia-telangiectasia, 3 deficiencias de IgA (IgAD), 2 deficiencias selectiva de IgM (IgMD), 1 síndrome de Hiper-IgE (HIES-AR) y 1 deficiencia específica de anticuerpos. Ocho pacientes fueron diagnosticados con enfermedades relacionadas con la hipogammaglobulinemia IgG. Conclusiones: Las deficiencias predominantemente de anticuerpos con niveles normales de IgG son una etiología importante de BQnoFQ y neumonía recurrente en adultos. Los sujetos con bronquiectasias o neumonía recurrente requieren una evaluación exhaustiva de la respuesta inmune humoral y clínica.

Deficiencias de anticuerpos en niños y adolescentes con infecciones recurrentes y/o graves

Introducción: Las deficiencias predominantes de anticuerpos (DPA) son inmunodeficiencias primarias caracterizadas por hipogammaglobulinemia, una disminución de niveles séricos de IgA, IgG y/o IgM, predisponiendo a infecciones recurrentes y/o graves. Las más frecuentes son la inmunodeficiencia común variable (CVID), agammaglobulinemia ligada al X (XLA), síndrome de híper IgM (HIgM) y deficiencia de IgA (DIgA). En Paraguay, los reportes sobre estas patologías son escasos. Objetivo: estudiar los niveles de inmunoglobulinas séricas en pacientes con infecciones recurrentes y/o graves en busca de DPA. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron 143 pacientes de 1 a 17 años de edad, registrados en la base de datos del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud del 2012 al 2017, con dosajes de IgA, IgG e IgM y dato clínico de infecciones recurrentes y/o graves. Se aplicó un algoritmo internacional de diagnóstico fenotípico a los casos de hipogammaglobulinemia. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 6±4 años, 54% (77/143) era de sexo masculino, un 78% (112/143) fue pacientes ambulatorios y 40% (57/143) presentó infecciones respiratorias. En el 90% (129/143) se observó valores normales de inmunoglobulinas séricas y en el 10% (14/143) se encontró hipogammaglobulinemia que correspondió a un caso de XLA, 3 casos de CVID, 5 de DIgA, 2 de HIgM, 2 deficiencias de subclases de IgG y una deficiencia selectiva de IgM. Conclusiones: Se identificaron casos de DPA cuyas frecuencias concuerdan con datos de otros países con DIgA y CVID como las más comunes. Es importante sospecharlas en niños y adolescentes con infecciones recurrentes, graves, oportunistas, y evaluar las inmunoglobulinas séricas para un diagnóstico oportuno.

Introduction: Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PAD) are primary immunodeficiencies characterized by hypogammaglobulinaemia, a decrease of IgA, IgG and/or IgM serum levels, which predispose to recurrent and/or severe infections. The most frequent are the common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA), hyper IgM syndrome (HIgM) and IgA deficiency (IgAD). In Paraguay, the reports about these diseases are very few. Objective: to study serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with recurrent and/or severe infections searching for PAD. Materials and Methods: 143 patients from 1 to 17 years old were included, registered in a data base from the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud from 2012 to 2017, with IgA, IgG and IgM serum levels dosages and clinical reference of recurrent and/or severe infections. An international diagnostic phenotypic algorithm was applied to the hypogammaglobulinaemia cases. Results: The average age of the patients was 6 ± 4 years, 54% (77/143) were males, 78% (112/143) were outpatients and 40% (57/143) had respiratory infections. In 90% (129/143) of the patients normal values of serum immunoglobulins were observed and in 10% (14/143) hypogammaglobulinaemia was found, corresponding to one case of XLA, 3 cases of CVID, 5 of IgAD, 2 of HIgM, 2 IgG subclasses deficiencies and one IgM selective deficiency. Conclusions: The frequency of DPA cases identified corresponds with data from other countries in which IgAD and CVID are the most common ones. It is important to suspect these pathologies in children and adolescents with recurrent, severe, opportunistic infections and evaluate their serum immunoglobulins for timely diagnostic.

Inmunodeficiencias humorales: Un estudio en tres Centros de Inmunología Clínica de adultos en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Antibody deficiencies: A survey from three Clinical Immunology Centers for adults in Buenos Aires City

Las inmunodeficiencias humorales (IDH) comprenden a un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por la imposibilidad de desarrollar una respuesta inmune efectiva mediada por anticuerpos. Estos pacientes presentan infecciones, principalmente por bacterias extracelulares capsuladas, del tracto respiratorio. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue describir las características clínicas de una población de 128 pacientes derivados con sospecha o diagnóstico de IDH a tres centros para inmunodeficiencias de adultos, asistidos entre junio de 2004 y diciembre de 2009. Tres (2.3%) consultaron por infecciones recurrentes en una sola oportunidad sin datos suficientes para su adecuada clasificación y fueron excluidos del estudio. De los 125 pacientes restantes, en 21 (16.8%) se descartó IDH, en 8 (6.4%) se diagnosticó inmunodeficiencia humoral secundaria (IDHS) y en 96 (76.8%) inmunodeficiencia humoral primaria (IDHP). Las causas de IDHS fueron: en un caso enfermedad renal, en uno uso de fenitoína, dos casos: gammapatía monoclonal y en 4 linfoma B. Las causas de las 96 IDHP fueron: 57 inmunodeficiencia común variable, 12 agammaglobulinemia ligada al cromosoma X, 10 deficiencia selectiva de IgA, 7 deficiencia de IgG1, 3 síndrome hiper-IgM, 3 deficiencia de IgM, 2 síndrome linfoproliferativo ligado al cromosoma X, un síndrome de Good y una deficiencia funcional de anticuerpos. Sesenta y siete pacientes estaban en seguimiento en el momento de la finalización del estudio, 25 de ellos estaban en seguimiento al iniciarse el estudio. De los 58 pacientes en seguimiento con indicación de tratamiento sustitutivo con gammaglobulina, 54 se encontraban en tratamiento al finalizar el estudio. En cuatro pacientes no se pudo confirmar el diagnóstico de IDHP.

Antibody deficiency (AD) comprises a group of diseases characterized by the inability to develop an effective antibody mediated immune response. These patients suffer mainly of encapsulated extracellular bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical characteristics of 128 patients with suspected or confirmed AD who were referred to 3 immunodeficiency centers for adults, from June 2004 to December 2009. Three of these patients (2.3%) consulted for recurrent infections only once, without sufficient data for a proper classification, and were excluded. Of the remaining 125 patients, in 21 (16.8%) AD was excluded, 8 cases (6.4%) were diagnosed with sec ondary antibody immunodeficiency (SAD) and 96 (76.8%) with primary antibody immunodeficiency (PAD). SAD causes were: one renal failure, one phenytoin use, two monoclonal gammopathy and four B cell lymphoma. The causes of these 96 PAD were: 57 common variable immunodeficiency, 12 X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, 10 selective IgA deficiency, seven IgG1 deficiency, three hyper- IgM syndrome, three IgM deficiency, two X-linked proliferative syndrome, one Good syndrome and one antibody functional deficiency. Sixty-seven patients were in follow up at the time of completion of the study, 25 of them were on follow up at the beginning of the study. Among the 58 patients with indication of gamma globulin replacement therapy, 54 were in treatment at the end of the study. In four patients the initial diagnosis of PAD was not confirmed.

A single center 14 years study of infectious complications leading to hospitalization of patients with primary antibody deficiencies

Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, leading to hospitalizations. This study was performed to determine the main infectious causes of hospital admissions in selective Iranian patients with PADs. Forty patients with PADs, who were admitted to the Infectious Ward of Children's Medical Center Hospital during a 14-year period, were reviewed in this study. There were 115 documented episodes of hospital admission during a 14-year period. The average length of hospital stay was 33.30 ± 25.72 days. Pneumonia was the most prominent infection leading to hospitalization among these patients (n = 48), followed by gastroenteritis (n = 23). Other less frequent causes of hospitalization were fever and neutropenia, septic arthritis, encephalitis, orbital cellulitis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, oral ulcer, and lung abscess. The most common causative organisms of diarrhea were: Giardia lamblia, followed by Candida albicans, and Salmonella sp. Many patients with PADs suffer from repeated infections leading to hospitalization, in spite of immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Respiratory tract infections were the prominent cause of hospitalization among studied patients, followed by gastrointestinal infections.